Current Research Faculty

Bammel, Brad, Ph.D. Analytical Chemistry

The Interaction of Potential-Sensitive Molecular Probes with Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Vesicles Investigated by P-31 NMR and Electron Microscopy," B.P. Bammel, J.A. Brand, R.B. Simmons, D. Evans, and J.C. Smith, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1987, 896, 136-152.

"The Effect of Potential-Sensitive Molecular Probes on the Thermal Phase Transition in Dimyristoylphosphatidyl Choline Preparations," J. Fumero, B.P. Bammel, H. Hopkins, and J.C. Smith, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1988, 944, 164-176.

"NMR, Calorimetric, Spin-Label, and Optical Studies on a Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Styryl Molecular Probe in Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Vesicles and Multilamellar Suspensions: A Model for Location of Optical Probes," B.P. Bammel, D.D. Hamilton, R.P. Haugland, H.P. Hopkins, J. Schuette, W. Szalecki and J.C. Smith, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1024, 1990, 61-81.

"Microdialysis Sampling Coupled to Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection," T.J. O'Shea, P.L. Weber, B.P. Bammel, C. Lunte, S.M. Lunte, Journal of Chromatography 608, 1992, 189-195.

"Daunorubicin cardiotoxicity - Evidence for the importance of the quinone moiety in a free-radical-independent mechanism", S.E. Shadle, B.P. Bammel, B.J. Cusack, R.A. Knighton, S.J. Olson, P.S. Mushlin, R.D. Olson, Biochemical Pharmacology, Volume 60, Issue 10, 15-Nov-2000 pp 1435-1444.

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Brown, Eric, Ph.D. Inorganic Chemistry

Research Summary:

Proteins containing transition metal ions carry out a variety of important functions in biological systems. Consequently, understanding how these chemical transformations occur and what factors regulate their reactivity is an important research area. The focus of our research is to provide fundamental insight into the structure and function of metalloenzymes using the synthetic modeling approach. The synthetic modeling approach involves the synthesis of low molecular weight complexes that model the structural and functional units of the enzymes. Useful information such as spectroscopic and structural data and identification of possible intermediates or pathways in the enzymatic cycle can be obtained through studies of the synthetic model complexes.

An example of a system that we are currently developing model complexes for is human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II). HCA II is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate. The enzyme has numerous physiological roles such as transporting carbon dioxide from metabolizing tissues to the lungs, regulation of pH and fluid balance within the human body. The active site of HCA II contains a mononuclear zinc center coordinated by three histidine residues and a highly acidic water molecule. An important hydrogen-bonding interaction between the zinc-bound water molecule and a neighboring threonine residue lowers the pKa of the Zn-OH2 moiety (pKa ≈ 7) such that it is deprotonated at physiological pH. In addition, the hydrogen-bonding interaction is proposed to stabilize and control the binding mode (mondentate vs. bidentate) of the unstable bicarbonate intermediate. We intend to systematically examine the impact of hydrogen-bonding on the stability and binding mode of the bicarbonate intermediate by using low molecular weight complexes that model the immediate coordination environment of the zinc ion and the H-bonding residues in the active site of HCA II. This will require the synthesis of novel ligand systems that provide an internal hydrogen bond but still allow variation of the steric properties so that tetrahedral mononuclear zinc hydroxide complexes can be isolated. We are also interested in understanding why differences in activity exist for the different substituted forms of HCA II and whether the coordination properties of the metal or hydrogen bonding interactions have a greater influence over the binding mode of the bicarbonate intermediate. To gain insight into this issue, divalent metal hydroxo complexes (Co, Cd, Ni, Mn and Cu) supported by our ligand systems will be synthesized and their reactivity with CO2 explored.

Publications:

1. Brown, E.C.; Bar-Nahum, I.; York, J.T.; Aboelella, N.W.; Tolman, W.B. “Ligand Structural Effects on Cu2S2 Bonding and Reactivity in Side-On Disulfido-Bridged Dicopper Complexes.” Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 486-496.

2. York, J.T.; Brown, E.C.; Tolman, W.B. “Characterization of Complex Comprising a [Cu2(S2)2]2+ Core: Bis(μ-S22-)dicopper(III) or bis(μ-S2•-)dicopper(II)?.” Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 7745-7748.

3. Brown, E.C.; York, J.T.; Antholine, W.E.; Ruiz, E.; Alvarez, S.; Tolman, W.B. “[Cu3(μ-S)2]3+ Clusters Supported by N-Donor Ligands: Progress Towards a Synthetic Model of the Catalytic Site of Nitrous Oxide Reductase.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 13752-13753.

4. Brown, E.C.; Aboelella, N.W.; Reynolds, A.M.; Aullón, G.; Alvarez, S.; Tolman, W.B. “A New Class of (μ-η2:η2-Disulfido)dicopper Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Disulfide Exchange.” Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 3335-3337.

5. Gable, K.P.; Brown, E.C. “Rhenium-Catalyzed Epoxide Deoxygenation.” Synlett, 2003, 2243-2245.

6. Gable, K.P.; Brown, E.C. “Kinetics and Mechanism for Rhenium-Catalyzed O-Atom Transfer from Epoxides.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11018-11026.

7. Gable, K.P.; Brown, E.C. “Coordination of a Tethered Epoxide to a Coordinatively Unsaturated Rhenium Oxo Complex.” Organometallics 2003, 22, 3096-3101.

8. Gable, K.P.; Brown, E.C. “Efficient Catalytic Deoxygenation of Epoxides Using [Tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl) hydridoborato]rhenium Oxides.” Organometallics 2000, 19, 944-946.

Select Presentations:

1. Brown, E.C.; York, J.T.; Antholine, W.E.; Ruiz, E.; Alvarez, S.; Tolman, W.B. “ The Development of Copper-Sulfur Chemistry Relevant to Modeling the Active Site of Nitrous Oxide Reductase.” 12th International Conference on Biological Inorganic Chemistry; Ann Arbor, MI; July 2005.

2. Brown, E.C.; Johnson, B.R.; Aboelella, N.W.; Tolman, W.B. “ Recent Develepments in Multinuclear Copper Complexes Relevant to the CuZ Site in Nitrous Oxide Reductase.” Gordon Research Conference: Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms; Ventura, CA; February 2005.

3. Brown, E.C.; Johnson, B.R.; Aboelella, N.W.; Reynolds, A.M; Tolman, W.B. “Progress Towards Modeling the Active Site of Nitrous Oxide Reductase.” Gordon Research Conference: Metals in Biology: Ventura, CA; January 2004.

4. Brown, E.C.; Gable, K.P. “Catalytic Deoxygenation of Epoxides with Rhenium(V) Compounds: Kinetic Analysis and Identification of the Catalytically Active Species.” Abstracts of Papers, 221st National ACS Meeting: San Diego, CA; April, 2001.

5. Brown, E.C.; Gable, K.P. “Catalytic Deoxygenation of Epoxides with Rhenium(V) Compounds: Kinetic Analysis and Identification of the Catalytically Active Species.” Abstracts of Papers, 56th Northwest Regional ACS Meeting: Seattle, WA; June 2001.

6. Brown, E.C.; Gable, K.P. “Catalytic Deoxygenation of Epoxides with Rhenium Compounds: Kinetic Analysis and Identification of the Catalytically Active Species.” Abstracts of Papers, 219th National ACS Meeting: San Francisco, CA; March 2000

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Charlier, Henry, Ph.D. Biochemistry

Research Interests

My overall research interests involve the fields of enzymology and protein chemistry. Proteins are very interesting molecules that serve a variety of functions in living organisms. My current research involves studies in three areas as briefly described below:

Carbonyl Reductase - Carbonyl reductase (CR), E.C. 1.1.1.184, catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide range of carbonyls. CR has been connected to several important processes including but not limited to quinone detoxification, neuroprotection, prostaglandin metabolism, and, of clinical interest, anthracycline metabolism. CR reduction of anthracyclines significantly impacts their use in the treatment of cancer as it has been linked to both drug resistance and cardiotoxicity mechanisms. Therefore, inhibition of CR in conjunction with anthracycline therapy offers the potential both to increase the effectiveness of the drugs and to decrease the risk of the associated cardiotoxicity. The major emphasis of this work is to better understand how CR recognizes the molecules to which it binds, be they substrates or inhibitors. Equipped this information, drugs may be designed to control CR with the intention of reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity during anthracycline cancer treatment. Also, as the role of CR is other pathways is better understood such drugs may be used to treat other diseases as well.

Pictured above right: Structure of human carbonyl reductase. From http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1WMA

Alcohol Dehydrogenase - Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), E.C. 1.1.1.1, catalyzes the reversible oxidation of ethanol, using NAD as a cofactor. This reaction is a rate-limiting step in alcohol metabolism. ADH may be an important determinant in the development of alcoholism and fetal alcohol syndrome and is therefore widely studied. In addition, it often studied to gain insight into how enzymes catalyze reactions. My research project with ADH focuses on evaluating the contribution of electrostatic interactions in coenzyme binding. In past studies, a lysine at position 228 (K228) has been implicated in controlling, at least in part, coenzyme (NAD+ and NADH) binding. In particular, the positive charge at this position is hypothesized to interact with the negatively charged coenzymes. In order to evaluate the role of charge at position 228, we mutated the lysine at this position to alanine, glutamine, and glutamate, each of which changes the charge at this position. In a past study this lysine was also mutated to arginine, which conserves the positive charge at 228. Currently, all of these mutants are being analyzed for effects on coenzyme binding using steady state and transient kinetics, equilibrium binding studies, and computational chemistry.

Pictured at left:Structure of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. From http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1HLD

III Phosphotriesterase – Phosphotiesterase (PTE), E.C. 3.1.8.1, catalyzes the hydrolysis of synthetic organophosphate triesters and phosphorofluoridates. Compounds in this family include several pesticides and nerve agents. This enzyme has potential use in nerve agent and pesticide decontamination. Work in my lab involves using protein chemistry and genetic engineering techniques to modify this enzyme to enhance its utility in organophosphate compound degradation.

Pictured at right: Structure of bacterial phosphotriesterase. From http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1P6C

Grants
NIH/NCRR (P20-RR16454), National Cancer Institute (NIH), 2003-2009
Cottrell College Science Award (CC5404), Research Corporation, 2001-2004
NIH/NCI (1 R15 CA102119-01), National Cancer Institute (NIH), 2003-2005
Small Grant Project, Mountain States Tumor and Medical Research Institute, 2001-2004
Faculty Research Grant, Boise State University, 2001-2003.

Select Publications

Berhe, S. Slupe, A., Luster, C., Charlier, Jr., H.A., Warner, D.L., Leon H. Zalkow, L.H., Burgess, E.M., Enwerem, N.M., Bakare, O. (2010) Synthesis of 3-[(N-carboalkoxy)ethylamino]-indazole-dione derivatives and their biological activities on human liver carbonyl reductase. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 18, 134-141

1. Cusack, B.J.; Gambliel, H.; Musser, B.; Hadjokas, N.; Shadle, S.; Charlier, H.; Olson, R.D. “Prevention of Chronic Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity in the Adult and Aged Fischer 344 Rat by Dexrazoxane and Effects on Iron Metabolism”. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 2006, 58, 517-526.

2. Olson, R.D.; Gambliel, H.A.; Vestal, R. E.; Shadle, S.E.; Charlier, Jr., H. A.; Cusack, B.J. (2005) "Doxorubicin Cardiac Dysfunction: Effects on Calcium Regulatory Proteins, sarcoplasmic reticulum and Triiodothyronine", Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2005, 5, 269-283.

3. Slupe, A.; Williams, B.; Larson, C.; Lee, L.M.; Primbs, T.; Bruesch, A.J.; Bjorklund, C.; Warner, D.L.; Peloquin, J.; Shadle, S.E.; Gambliel, H.A.; Cusack, B.J.; Olson, R.D.; and Charlier, Jr., H.A. “Reduction of 13-Deoxydoxorubicin and Daunorubicinol Anthraquinones by Human Carbonyl Reductase.” Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2005, 5, 365-376.

3. Charlier, Jr., H. A.; Albertson, C.; Thornock, C.M.; Warner, L.; Hurst, T.; and Ellis, R. “Comparison of the effects of Arsenic (V), Cadmium (II), and Mercury (II) single metal and mixed metal exposure in Radish, Raphanus sativus, Fescue Grass, Festuca ovina, and Duckweed, Lemna minor.” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2005, 75, 474-481.

4. Charlier, Jr., H.A.; Olson, R.D.; Thornock, C.M.; Mercer, W.K.; Olson, D.R.; Broyles, T.S.; Muhlestein, D.J.; Larson, C.L.; Cusack, B.J.; and Shadle, S.E. “Investigations of calsequestrin as a target for anthracyclines: comparison of functional effects of daunorubicin, daunorubicinol, and trifluoperazine.” Molecular Pharmacology, 2005, 67, 1505-1512.

5. Charlier, Jr., H. A.; Plapp, B. V. "Kinetic Cooperativity of Human Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase gamma 2," J. Biol. Chem. , 2000 , 275 , 11569-11575.

6. Charlier, Jr., H. A.; Chakravarthy, N.; and Miziorko, H. M. "Inactivation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase and Other Acyl-CoA-Utilizing Enzymes by 3-Oxobutylsulfoxyl-CoA," Biochemistry , 1997 , 36 , 1551-1558.

7. Misra, I.; Charlier, Jr.; H. A., Miziorko, H. M. "Avian Cytosolic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase: Evaluation of the Role of Cysteines in Reaction Chemistry," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 1995 , 1247 , 253-259.

8. Charlier, H. A.; Runquist, J. A.; Miziorko, H. M. "Evidence Supporting Catalytic Roles for Aspartate Residues in Phosphoribulokinase," Biochemistry , 1994 , 33 , 9343-9350.

Patents
1. “Inhibitors of Carbonyl Reductase for Treatment Using Anthracyclines.” (2006) Conventional, patent pending.

2. “Cyanooxime Inhibitors of Carbonyl Reductase and Methods of Using Said Inhibitors in Treatments Involving Anthracyclines.” (2006) Provisional, patent pending.

ABSTRACTS:

National/International Meetings:

1. Runquist, J.A., Charlier, H.A., and Miziorko, H.M. (1994) “Evidence for an Aspartate as Phosphoribulokinase's Catalytic Base.” The FASEB Journal 8, A1346.

2. Charlier, Jr., H. A., and Plapp, B. V. (1999) “Nonhyperbolic Kinetics of Human Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase 2.” The FASEB Journal 13, A1441.

3. Charlier, H.A., Maupin, C.M., and Plapp, B.V. (2002) “Coenzyme Binding by Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Evaluating the Role of Charge at Position 228.” Division of Biological Chemistry, 224th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, August 18 – 22, Biochemistry 41, 8968.

4. Cheney, M., and Charlier, H.A. (2003) “Kinetic Characterization of Carbonyl Reductases From Rabbit Heart.” National Council for Undergraduate Research, Salt Lake City Utah.

5. Hibberd, A.M., Charlier, H.A., and Serpe, M. D.(2003) “A possible role for -1,3-glucanases in intrusive growth of the nonarticulated laticifer cell”. National Council for Undergraduate Research, Salt Lake City Utah.
Cheney, M., and Maupin, C.M. (2003) “Kinetic characterization of carbonyl reductase activities from rabbit heart cytosol.” Division of Biological Chemistry, 226th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, September 7-11, Biochemistry 42, 8594.

7. Thornock, C., Charlier, H.A., Jr., Olson, R.D., Mercer, W.K., Broyles, T.S., Gambliel, H.A., Cusack, B.J., Shadle, S.E. (2003) “Anthracyclines inhibit calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind directly to calsequestrin.” Division of Biological Chemistry, 226th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, September 7-11, Biochemistry 42, 8594.

8. Olson, R.D., Charlier, H.A., Thornock, C., Mercer, W.K., Broyles, T.S., Olson, D.R., Gambliel, H., Cusack, B., Shadle, S.E. (2003) “The calsequestrin inhibitor trifluoroperazine disrupts cardiac musclefunction and inhibits SR Ca2+ release.” 47th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Antonio,TX, Biophysical Journal Supplement, February, 84, Number 2, Part 2 of2, 99a.

9. Shadle, S.E., Muhlestein, D., Cantone, N., Thornock, C., Charlier, Jr., H.A., Olson, R.D. (2004) “Anthracyclines Bind to Calsequestrin and Alter Its Calcium Binding Properties.” 48th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, Baltimore, MD, Biophysical Journal Supplement, February.

10. Mercer, W.K., Cantone, N., Muhlestein, D.J., Charlier Jr., H.A., and Shadle, S.E. (2005) Anthracyclines affect calcium ion binding to calsequestrin. The 229th ACS National Meeting, in San Diego, CA, March 13-17, 2005

11. Williams, B., Larson, C.L., Slupe, A., Olson, K., Begic, S., Lee, L., and Charlier, Jr, H.A. (2005) Novel inhibitors of carbonyl reductase. The 229th ACS National Meeting, in San Diego, CA, March 13-17, 2005.

12. Charlier, H.A., Slupe, A., Williams, B., Larson, C. L., Lee, L., Warner, D. L., and Peloquin, J. M. (2005) “Anthraquinone reduction by human carbonyl reductase.” Abstracts of Papers, 230th ACS National Meeting, Washington, DC, United States, Aug. 28-Sept. 1.

13. Slupe, A., Berhe, S., Bakare, O., Luster, C., Charlier, Jr., H.A. (2006) “Pyrazoloquinone substrates and inhibitors of carbonyl reductase” Abstracts of Papers, 231th ACS National Meeting, Atlanta, GA, March 26-30.

12. Charlier, Jr., H.A., Warner, D., Slupe*, A.M., Williams*, B. Ward, L., Couch, A., Bakare, O., and Gerasimchuk, N.N. (2006) “Human carbonyl reductase: Identifying inhibitors using irrational drug design.” Enzymology and Molecular Biology of Carbonyl Metabolism, 13th International Symposium, Nashville, Indiana, July 11-15, 2006.

13. Slupe, A.M., Luster, C., Warner, D.L., and Charlier, Jr., H.A. (2006) “Novel substrates and inhibitors of human carbonyl reductase” 1st Biennial National IDeA Symposium of Biomedical Research Excellence (NISBRE), Washington, DC., July 20 – 22.
14. Berhe, S., Slupe, A., Luster, C., Charlier, H.A., and Bakare, O. (2006) Synthesis and Carbonyl Reductase (CR) Inhibitory Activities of Indazole-4,7-dione Derivatives. Tenth Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) International Symposium on Health Disparities, San Juan, Peurto Rico, December 13 – 16.

Statewide/Regional Meetings:
1. Misra, I., Charlier, H.A., Miziorko, H. M. (1994) "3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase: Evaluation of the Role of Cysteines in Reaction Chemistry." Midwest Enzyme Chemistry Conference, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.

2. Charlier, Jr., H. A., and Plapp, B. V. (1999) “Nonhyperbolic Kinetics of Human Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase 2: An abortive complex pathway.” Midwest Enzyme Chemistry Conference, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL.
3. Charlier, Jr., H. A., and Maupin, C. M. (2001) "Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: The Contribution of Lysine 228 to Catalysis." 43 rd Idaho Academy of Science Meeting, Albertson College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID.

4. Bjorklund, C., and Charlier, Jr., H. A. (2002) “Expression of Recombinant Human Liver Carbonyl Reductase in Escherichia coli.” 44th Idaho Academy of Science Meeting, BYU Idaho, Rexburg, ID.

5. Maupin, C. M., and Charlier, Jr., H. A. (2002) “Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Contribution of Charge at Position 228 to Coenzyme Binding”. 44th Idaho Academy of Science Meeting, BYU Idaho, Rexburg, ID.

6. Maupin, C. M., and Charlier, Jr., H. A. (2002) “Anthracycline Specificities of Carbonyl Reductases from Rabbit Heart.” 44th Idaho Academy of Science Meeting, BYU Idaho, Rexburg, ID.

7. Williams, B., Larson, C. and Charlier, Jr., H.A. (2005) Inhibitors Of Human Carbonyl Reductase. 47th Annual Meeting and Symposium of the Idaho Academy of Science, April 7-9, 2005.

8. Slupe, A.M., Lee, L.M. and Charlier, Jr., H.A.(2005) Anthraquinone Substrates of Carbonyl Reductase. 47th Annual Meeting and Symposium of the Idaho Academy of Science, April 7-9, 2005.

PRESENTATIONS:

1995 Invited seminar, “"Evidence Supporting Catalytic Roles for Aspartate Residues in Rhodobacter sphaeroides Phosphoribulokinase." Given to the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin.
2003 Invited seminar, “Coenzyme binding by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase: Evaluating the role of charge at position 228.” Given to the Department of Chemistry at Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.2005 “Talking to Enzymes: Learning to Control Carbonyl Reductase with Small Molecules.” Seminar given at the Idaho INBRE Summer Research Conference, August, 2005.
2006 “Talking to Enzymes: Learning to Control Carbonyl Reductase with Small Molecules.” Seminar given to the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, Stevens Point Wisconsin, January, 2006.
2006 “Human Carbonyl Reductase: Identifying inhibitors using irrational drug design.” Seminar given at the Idaho INBRE Summer Research Conference, August, 2006.

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Cornell, Ken, Ph.D. Biochemistry

An array of research projects are available for students to work on in my lab, including:

1. Antibiotic development targeting bacterial and parasite methionine salvage.
2. Farnesol metabolism in eukaryotic cells
3. Development of forensic reagentsOne of the primary investigations in my lab is the identification of new targets for antimicrobial drug development. One area of focus is “quorum sensing”, a process in which bacteria secrete small molecules that accumulate and signal population wide changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing has been shown to govern coordinated production of such things as biofilms and virulence factors by bacterial populations. We have cloned and expressed the genes for several steps in a microbial methionine salvage pathway that leads to the synthesis of a quorum sensing molecule termed autoinducer II (AI-2). Students are currently working on projects to characterize the substrate specificity, kinetic parameters, and expression profiles for these enzymes. In addition, a number of compounds are being tested as specific enzyme inhibitors and for the ability to block quorum sensing dependent events like biofilm production and colonization in bacterial cultures.

Fellowships / Grants / Awards

Recent grant support includes:

1. “DNA Safeguard” (Co-investigator) Dept. of Defense Appropriations grant 11/01/06 – 10/31/07
2.“Development of Non-polar Electrical Field Flow Fractionation for Membrane Protein Purification” (Principle investigator) Boise State University Faculty Research Grant 07/15/06 – 07/14/07
3. “A Preparative Scale Ultracentrifuge for the College of Arts and Sciences” (Principle Investigator). NSF EPSCoR Research Infrastructure Grant/ Boise State University 09/01/06
4.“Development of Novel Antimicrobial Catheters” (Principle Investigator) NIH R43AI061894. 11/01/05 – 4/30/06
5.“Methylthioribose kinase inhibitors as herbicides and anti-senescence agents in plants” (Principle Investigator). USDA (02-0047) 12/02-6/03

Recent student support for work in my lab:

1. Mountain States Tumor Institute (Jacob Jones, 2005)
2. Merck Foundation (Comfort Hines, 2004-2005; Lee Rooney, 2005; Jeremiah Hull, 2006; Maria Martinez, 2006)
3. INBRE Summer fellowships (Chelsea Isom, 2005, 2006; Andre Rudyi, 2006; Christy Mackenzie, 2005; Brad Hansen, 2006).

Selected Publications and Presentations

1. Hefeneider, SH, Bennett, RM, Pham, TQ, Cornell, KA, McCoy, SH, and Heinrich, MC. (1990) Identification of a cell surface DNA receptor association with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Derm. 94(6):79s-84s.

2. Bennett, RM, Cornell, KA, Merritt, MJ, Bakke, AC, Hsu, PH, and Hefeneider, SH. (1991) Autoimmunity to a 28-30 kD cell membrane DNA binding protein: occurrence in selected sera from patients with SLE and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 86(3): 374-379.

3. Bennett, RM, Cornell, KA, Merritt, MJ, Bakke, AC, Mourich, D, and Hefeneider, SH. (1992) Idiotypic mimicry of a cell surface DNA receptor: evidence for anti-DNA antibodies being a subset of anti-anti-DNA receptor antibodies. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 90: 428-433.

4. Hefeneider, SH, Cornell, KA, Brown, LE, Bakke, AC, McCoy, SH and Bennett, RM. (1992) Nucleosomes and DNA bind to the same cell-surface molecules and induce cytokine production by murine spleen cells. Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. 63(3): 245-251.

5. Winter, RW, Cornell, KA, Johnson, LL, and Riscoe, MK. (1993) Synthesis and testing of substituted phenylthioribose analogs against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 3(10): 2079-2082.

6. Hefeneider, SH, Brown, LE, McCoy, SH, Bakke, AC, Cornell, KA, and Bennett, RM. (1993) Immunization of BALB/c mice with monoclonal anti-DNA antibody induces an anti-idiotypic antibody reactive with a cell-surface DNA binding protein. Autoimmunity 15: 187-194.

7. Winter, RW, Cornell, KA, Johnson, LL, Isabelle, LM, Hinrichs, DJ, and Riscoe, MK. (1995) Hydroxy-anthraquinones as antimalarial agents. Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 5(17): 1927-1932.

8. Winter, RW, Cornell, KA, Johnson, LL, Ignatushchenko, M, Hinrichs, DJ, and Riscoe, MK. (1996) Potentiation of the antimalarial agent Rufigallol. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemo. 40(6): 1408-1411.

9. Cornell, KA, Winter, RW, Tower, PA, and Riscoe, MK. (1996) Affinity purification of 5-methylthioribose kinase and 5’-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.Biochem J. 317: 285-290.

10. Cornell, KA, Swarts, WE, Barry, RA, and Riscoe, MK. (1996) Characterization of recombinant Escherichia coli 5-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase: analysis of enzymatic activity and substrate specificity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228: 724-732.

11. Winter, RW, Ignatushchenko, M, Ogundahunsi, OAT, Cornell, KA, Oduola, AD, Hinrichs, DJ, and Riscoe, MK. (1997) Potentiation of an antimalarial oxidant drug. Antimicro. Agents &Chemo. 41(7): 1449-1454.

12. Cornell, KA, and Riscoe, MK (1998) Cloning and expression of Escherichia coli 5’-methylthioadenosine /S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase: identification of the pfs gene product. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1396: 8-14.

13. Cornell, KA, Bouwer, HGA, Hinrichs, DJ, and Barry, RA (1999) Genetic immunization of mice against Listeria monocytogenes using plasmid DNA encoding listeriolysin O. J. Immunol., 163: 322-329.

14. Brown, JR, Cornell, KA, and Cook, PW (2000) Adenosine- and Adenine-nucleotide-mediated inhibition of normal and transformed keratinocyte proliferation is dependent upon dipyridamole-sensitive adenosine transport. J. Invest. Derm., 115(5) 849-859.

15. Lee, JE, Cornell, KA, Riscoe, MK, and Howell, PL (2001) The crystal structure of E. coli 5’-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase reveals structural similarity to the purine mucleoside phosphorylases. Structure 9: 941-953.

16. Lee, JE, Cornell, KA, Riscoe, MK, and Howell, PL (2001) Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of E. coli 5’-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase. Acta crystallographica (D57) 150-152.

17. Winzer, K, Hardie, KR, Burgess, B, Doherty, N, Kirke, D, Holden, MTG, Linforth, R, Cornell, KA, Taylor, AJ, Hill, PJ, Williams, P (2002) LuxS: its role in central metabolism and the in vitro synthesis of 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone. Microbiology 148: 909-922.

18. Lee, JE, Cornell, KA, Riscoe, MK, and Howell, PL (2003) Structure of E. coli 5’-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase inhibitor complexes provide insight into conformational changes required for substrate binding and catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 8761-8770

19. Hinrichs, DJ, Cornell, KA, Bouwer, HGA, and Barry, RA (2003) Protective immunization of interferon g knockout mice following intramuscular DNA vaccination. Vaccine 21(17-18): 2131-2141

20. Simon, BE, Cornell, KA, Clark, TR, Chou, S, Rosen, HR, and Barry, RA (2003) DNA vaccination protects mice against challenge with Listeria monocytogenes expressing the hepatitis C virus NS3 protein. Infect. Immun. 71(11): 6372-80.

21. Zhao, G, Wan, W, Mansouri, S, Alfaro, JF, Bassler, BL, Cornell, KA, and Zhou, ZS (2003) Chemical synthesis of S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine and activity assay as a LuxS substrate. Biorg. and Med. Chem. Letts. 13(22): 3897-900.

22. Ku, SY, Yip, P, Cornell, KA, Riscoe, MK, Howell, PL (2004) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of 5-methylthioribose kinase from Bacillus subtilis and Arabidopsis thaliana. Acta crystallogr.D. Biol Crystallogr. 60(Pt 1):116-9.

23.Lee, JE, Settembre, EC, Cornell, KA, Riscoe, MK, Sufrin, JR, Ealick, SE, Howell, PL (2004) Structural comparison of MTA phosphorylase and MTA/SAH nucleosidase explains substrate preferences and identifies regions exploitable for inhibitor design. Biochemistry. 43: 5159-5169.

24. Cook, PW, Brown, JR, Cornell, KA, Pittelkow, MR (2004) Suprabasal expression of human amphiregulin in the epidermis of transgenic mice induces a severe, early-onset, psoriasis-like skin pathology: expression of amphiregulin in the basal epidermis is also associated with synovitis. Exp Dermatol. 13(6):347-56.

25. Sauter, M, Sára Beszteri, S, Cornell, KA, Rzewuski, G (2004) Functional analysis of methylthioribose kinase genes in plants. Plant Phys. 136: 4061-4071.

26. Lee JE, Singh V, Evans GB, Tyler PC, Furneaux RH, Cornell KA, Riscoe MK, Schramm VL, Howell PL (2005) Structural rationale for the affinity of PICO-and femtomolar transition state analogues of E. coli 5'-methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase. J. Biol Chem. 280(18):18274-82.

27. Lee JE, Smith GD, Horvatin C, Huang DJ, Cornell KA, Riscoe MK, Howell PL (2005) Structural snapshots of MTA/AdoHcy nucleosidase along the reaction coordinate provide insights into enzyme and nucleoside flexibility during catalysis. J. Mol. Biol. 352(3): 559-574.

28. Lee JE, Luong W, Huang DJ, Cornell KA, Riscoe MK (2005) Mutational analysis of a nucleosidase involved in quorum-sensing autoinducer-2 biosynthesis. Biochemistry 44(33): 11049-11057.

29. Parveen N, Cornell KA, Bono JL, Chamberland C, Rosa P, Leong JM (2006) Bgp, a secreted GAG-binding protein of B. burgdorferi strain N40, displays nucleosidase activity and is not essential for infection of immunodeficient mice. Infect. Immun. 74(5):3016-20.

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LeMaster, Clifford, Ph. D. Physical Chemsitry

Select Publications and Presentations

C. B. LeMaster, C. L. LeMaster, and N. S. True "Gas-Phase Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of 15N-Trifluoroacetamide: Comparison of Experimental and Computed Kinetic Parameters" J. Am. Chem. Soc., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4478-4484.

Angela N. Taha, Nancy S. True,* Clifford B. LeMaster, Carole L. LeMaster, and Susan M. Neugebauer-Crawford ; "Gas-Phase Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Berry Pseudorotation of SF4. Comparison of Experimental and Calculated Kinetic Parameters and Falloff Kinetics" The Journal of Physical Chemistry A; 2000; 104(15); 3341-3348.

P. O. Moreno, C. Suarez, M. Tafazzoli, N. S. True, C. B. LeMaster "Gas-Phase NMR Study of Trifluoromethylcyclopentadiene" J. Mol. Struc. 2000, 553, 37-42.
A.N. Taha, P.O. Moreno, C.B. LeMaster, C.L. LeMaster, and N.S. True. 1H Observation of Trimethylsilyl Migration in Gas Phase 5-Trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene. J. Mol. Structure, 2000, 553, 37-42.

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McDougal, Owen, Ph.D. Organic Chemistry

Overview
My research interests include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, biomedical research of neurotoxins, properties of biomass fuel briquettes, and organic chemistry curriculum development. Students with as little as one year of general chemistry can begin work on the properties of biomass fuel briquettes, those with a full year of organic chemistry can begin work on organic spectroscopy curriculum development, and upper division students gain exceptional hands-on training in instrumentation applied to the biomedical research of neurotoxins.

1) Conotoxin Research
Conotoxins are small peptides that have implications in the understanding of Parkinson’s disease. Students will gain experience in synthetic peptide folding and purification by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), structure elucidation using NMR derived constraints and molecular dynamics computational algorithms, experimental binding studies using surface Plasmon resonance, microcalorimetry, and spectrofluorimetry, and in silico binding studies using AutoDock.

2) Boise Technology Incorporated
Students working on this project will deal with organophosphates and analyze their hydrolysis at the interface of a biphasic system by NMR spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The characterization of micelle formation will be performed by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Data analyses and interest in using NMR software are required.

3) DNA Safeguard
Students working on this project will gain access to a research team of biologists, programmers and chemists. In silico modeling of ligand to receptor interaction using the AutoDock program will be used to explore targets for experimental NMR studies. The goal of this aspect of the much larger project is to understand the mechanism of antibiotic activity.

4) OSpec Web
Students working on this project will gain extensive hands on use of NMR, IR, and GC-MS. Data acquisition, analysis, reporting, and theoretical understanding will be developed. A good understanding of computers and a quick ability to adapt to diverse software will be essential.

5) Fuel Briquettes
Students working on this project will combine sawdust with shredded office paper to produce combustible fuel briquettes. The combustion properties will be studied along with the environmental health impact of particulate matter and residual ash. Students will work with community organizations to develop ways to market the briquette technology in an effort to aid those in need of assistance in Idaho. Public demonstrations will be part of the process.

6) INBRE
a) Collagen XIa1: NMR studies and in silico binding studies
b) Methionine salvage pathway: Sample preparation, component separation, NMR and MS analysis of complex biological cell extracts. This project will involve proteomics and metabolomics.

The goal of the McDougal research projects is to provide a means for students to present their work at local, regional, and national conferences. All projects are intended to lead to peer reviewed publication and most projects have money built in to support student researchers over the summer. During the academic year, students are asked to work a minimum of 10 hours per week for research credit. Those students that have experience on a project are the first to be offered paid summer research internships in the group.

PUBLICATIONS

1) Owen M. McDougal and Richard P. Steiner, “Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry,” Cengage Learning, Mason, OH (2009) ISBN: 1111032300.

2) *Reed B. Jacob and Owen M. McDougal, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, “The M-superfamily of conotoxins: a review,” (2009) DOI:10.1007/s00018-009-0125-0.

3) *Matt Turner, *Seth Eidemiller, *Bryan Martin, *Andrew Narver, *Joshua Marshall, *Logan Zemp, Kenneth A. Cornell, J. Michael McIntosh, Owen M. McDougal, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, “Structural Basis for ?-Conotoxin Potency and Selectivity,” 17(16), 5894-5899 (2009).

4) Owen M. McDougal, *Matthew W. Turner, *Andrew J. Ormond, C. Dale Poulter, Biochemistry, “Three-Dimensional Structure of Conotoxin tx3a: An m-1 Branch Peptide of the M-Superfamily,” 47, 2826-2832 (2008).

5) Coyner Graf, and Owen McDougal, The Chemical Educator, “A Practical Method for the Display of High Resolution One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectra on the World Wide Web,” 13, 92-95 (2008).

6) Gloria P. Corpuz, Richard B. Jacobsen, Elsie C. Jimenez, Maren Watkins, Craig Walker, Clark Colledge, James E. Garrett, Owen McDougal, Wenquin Li, William R. Gray, David R. Hillyard, Jean Rivier, J. Michael McIntosh, Lourdes J. Cruz, and Baldomero M. Olivera, Biochemistry, “Definition of the M-Conotoxin Superfamily: Characterization of Novel Peptides from Molluscivorous Conus Venoms,” 44, 8176-8186 (2005).

7) *Aaron Hart and Owen McDougal, The Chemical Educator, “Spectroscopic Data Management for the Time-Strapped Educator,” Volume 9 Issue 6 (2004) pp 374-377.

8) *Jonas Buser and Owen McDougal, The Chemical Educator, “A Pedagogical Approach to the Instruction of Organic Spectroscopy,” Volume 9 Issue 4 (2004) pp 216-219.

9) Owen McDougal and C. Dale Poulter, Biochemistry, “Three-Dimensional Structure of Mini-M Conotoxin mr3a,” 43, 425-429 (2004).

10) Owen McDougal. Chapter 17, “Biochemistry”. A web chapter to accompany, Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Seventh Edition by L. Jack Malone, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2003).

11) *Seth Holstein, Richard Stanley, Owen McDougal, Journal of Chemical Innovation, “Fuel Briquettes Out of Junk Mail and Yard Wastes,” 31, No. 2, 22-28 (2001).

12) Owen McDougal, Study Guide to Accompany Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, First Edition by Mel Armold, Harcourt College Publishers, Orlando, FL (2000).

*Undergraduate student authors

PRESENTATIONS (2007-Oct09)

8/09 Reed B. Jacob, Kenneth A. Cornell, Owen M. McDougal, oral presentation, Finding MRSA’s kryptonite: Computational directed combatant pentapeptides, 90th Annual AAASPD meeting, San Francisco, CA.

8/09 *Aubrey Johnston, Owen M. McDougal, Peptide synthesis, cleavage, and purification, 8th Annual Idaho INBRE Conference, Pocatello, ID.

8/09 *Luke Woodbury, Owen M. McDougal, Julia Oxford, Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan binding sites within collagen type XI, 8th Annual Idaho INBRE Conference, Pocatello, ID.

8/09 *Seth Eidemiller, Ken Cornell, Owen McDougal, poster presentation, Manipulation of E. coli: A metabolomics study, 8th Annual Idaho INBRE Conference, Pocatello, ID.

8/09 *David A. Luker, *Bryan Martin, *Emily Drussel, Owen McDougal, poster presentation, Taking a slice out of NMR – A new method, 8th Annual Idaho INBRE Conference, Pocatello, ID.

8/09 *Chris Mallory, *Emily Drussel, Owen McDougal, poster presentation, a-Conotoxin E11A activity towards nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 8th Annual Idaho INBRE Conference, Pocatello, ID.

8/09 *Andrew Narver, Owen McDougal, poster presentation, pKa Determination of a-conotoxin MII and analogs, 8th Annual Idaho INBRE Conference, Pocatello, ID.

5/09 *Bryan Martin, Michael Hill, Owen McDougal, poster presentation, What does NMR have to do with the Mixing of Oil and Water? Council on Undergraduate Research Posters on the Hill, Washington DC, VA.

4/09 *Aubrey Johnston and Owen McDougal, poster presentation, Going Green at Boise State University, Undergraduate Research Conference, Boise State University, Boise, ID.

4/09 *Reed Jacob, *Matt Walters, Ken Cornell, and Owen McDougal, poster presentation, Resistance is Not Futile: Computational Directed Design of Combatant Pentapeptides, Undergraduate Research Conference, Boise State University, Boise, ID.

4/09 *Mark Swartz and Owen McDougal, poster presentation, Affordable Alternative Energy at the Community Level, Undergraduate Research Conference, Boise State University, Boise, ID.

4/09 Owen M. McDougal, invited oral presentation, Where does all the Time Go? Idaho INBRE Research Symposium, Boise State University, Boise, ID.

4/09 Owen M. McDougal, invited oral presentation, What does NMR have to do with Undergraduate Research? Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference 50th Annual Meeting, Asilomar, CA.

3/09 Owen M. McDougal, poster presentation, Structural Basis for ?-Conotoxin Potency and Selectivity, Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference 50th Annual Meeting, Asilomar, CA.

3/09 *Seth Eidemiller, Owen McDougal, poster presentation, Model Behavior: Synthetic Conotoxin Analogs for Parkinson’s, ACS 237th Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.

3/09 *Benjamin A. Parker, Julia Coppola, Henry Charlier, Owen McDougal, Michael Hill, poster presentation, Hydrolysis of Parathion in a Liquid-Liquid Biphasic System, ACS 237th Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.

3/09 *Mark Swartz, *Angela Gomez, Owen M. McDougal, poster presentation, Alternative Energy at Home, ACS 237th Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.

3/09 *Aubrey Johnston, Michael M. McCormick, Owen M. McDougal, poster presentation, Going Green in Idaho, ACS 237th Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.

3/09 *Bryan Martin, Michael Hill, Owen McDougal, poster presentation, Distribution of p-Nitrophenol in a Model Biphasic System by SPS3RE NMR Spectroscopy, ACS 237th Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.

2/09 Owen M. McDougal, invited oral presentation Brigham Young University-Idaho, Chemistry Department seminar entitled, “Idaho INBRE Research Opportunity for Undergraduates: Peptides for Parkinson’s.”

8/08 Owen M. McDougal, oral presentation in Chemical Education symposium entitled, “Innovation in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Undergraduate Curriculum,” led by session chair Dr. Donald Mencer, Wilkes University. Talk entitled, “OSpecWeb: An on-line educational resource to supplement the instruction of organic spectroscopy,” ACS 236th National Meeting, Philadelphia, PA.

6/08 Owen McDougal, invited oral presentation, From Snail Venom to Therapeutics: How Conotoxins Provide Insight into Drug Design, AAASPD 89th Annual Meeting Waimea, HI.

6/08 *Matthew Turner, *Logan Zemp, Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Three Dimensional Solution Structure for ?-Conotoxin MII [E11A]: Structure-Function Studies in the Development of Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease, AAASPD 89th Annual Meeting, Waimea, HI.

4/08 Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Chemistry, Chemistry Everywhere: In You, On You, Around You, Capital Scholars Showcase of Learning, BSU Student Union Building, Boise, ID.

4/08 *Taylor Dixon, Michael Hill, and Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Applications of Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy and Slice-Selection Imaging in the Study of the Interfacial Region of a Mixed Phase Solution. The 2008 Council on Undergraduate Research, Posters on the Hill, Washington, DC.

3/08 Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Energy and Poverty in Idaho, Idaho Academy of Sciences 50th Annual Meeting, College of Western Idaho, Nampa, ID.

3/08 Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Deadly Snails, NMR, and the Treasure Valley, Idaho Academy of Sciences 50th Annual Meeting, College of Western Idaho, Nampa, ID.

3/08 *Seth Eidemiller and Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Biomass Fuel Briquettes: Composition, Compaction and Combustion, Idaho Academy of Sciences 50th Annual Meeting, College of Western Idaho, Nampa, ID.

3/08 *Matthew Turner and Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Three-Dimensional Solution Structure of Conotoxin tx3a: A m-1 Branch Peptide of the M-Superfamily. Idaho Academy of Sciences 50th Annual Meeting, College of Western Idaho, Nampa, ID.

8/07 *Andrew Ormond and Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Developing Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson’s Treatment: Analysis of ?-CTx MII Analogs. The 6th Annual INBRE Research Conference, Moscow, ID.

6/07 *Matthew Turner, *Ryan Morton, and Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, OSpec Web: An Online Educational Resource to Facilitate the Instruction of Organic Spectroscopy. The 88th Annual AAASPD Conference, Boise, ID.

6/07 *Blake Stanhouse, *Dana Moracco, *Paige Fetzer, *Ben Parker, and Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, The Three C’s of Renewable Biomass Briquettes. The 88th Annual AAASPD Conference, Boise, ID.

4/07 *Dana Moracco, *Blake Stanhouse, and Owen McDougal, Boise State University, Boise, ID, Making Use of Organic Waste: Fuel Briquette Technology for Cooking and Heating. The 4th Annual Undergraduate Research Conference, Boise, ID.

*denotes student authors

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Mercer, Gary, Ph.D. Inorganic Chemistry

Fellowships / Grants / Awards
• Integration of Computerized Temperature and Pressure Sensors into Chemistry Labs, College of Arts & Sciences, 2001
• The Development of a Remote Site Chemistry Laboratory Course, College of Arts & Sciences, 1992

Selected Publications and Presentations
• Gary D. Mercer, "Totally On-Line Liberal Arts Chemistry," 45th Meeting of the Idaho Academy of Science, 2003.

My current responsibilities are in the classroom. I leave the pursuing of cutting-edge chemical research to the younger faculty. However, I do enjoy dabbling in teaching and chemistry related projects as described below.

I : The design and construction of low cost chemical instrumentation for lecture demonstration and student laboratory use.

II: The development of new and inovative laboratory exercises to be used in introductory laboratory courses. Of particular interest right now is the development of exercises that can be done at home in the kitchen for use in on-line courses.

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Russell, Dale, Ph.D. Analytical Chemistry

Three lines of research in analytical chemistry are being pursued.
1. Electrochemical sensors for strategic metals and EPA criterion pollutants. We design, build and field-test electrochemical and microelectronic sensors for uranium, plutonium, thorium, mercury, arsenic, and a variety of anions and organic species. These sensors are designed using conductive polymers with selective binding sites for the various target analyte species. They are intended for hand-held, autonomous and even clandestine deployment. They are solid state, rugged and sensitive. Detection limits of 10 parts-per-trillion have been shown for some analyte species.

2. Electrokinetic separation of macromolecules, membrane proteins and particles in non-aqueous media. Electrical field flow fractionation (EFFF) is being developed as a separation method for particles, proteins, polymers and other macromolecular species suspended in non-polar media. This method of separation has been demonstrated in initial tests on the separation of membrane proteins, which are presently understudied because of the difficulties of using aqueous electrophoretic methods without denaturing them. We are in the process of developing non-polar EFFF as a method for isolation, purification and identification of membrane proteins. We expect this method to be as useful in the analysis of membrane proteins as electrophoresis has been for more hydrophilic proteins.

3. Contaminant exposure levels of farmworkers. We have developed sampling and analysis methods to assess the level of exposure of agricultural workers to toxic and other hazardous materials, and also to assess the level of transmission of these contaminants to family members by the farmworker. This project has been conducted in collaboration with the College of Health Sciences and the Department of Nursing. The target population is the farmworker community of Southern Idaho. The vulnerable family members include infants, children, elderly and invalids living in the home.

Recent Grants, past 10 years only

1. Hewlett-Packard Company, Cooperative Research, 1997: PI: Dale Russell
"Electroanalytical Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Metal Substrates" $21,300

2. BSU Faculty Research Award, 1997: PI: Dale D. Russell
"Electrical Field Flow Fractionation (EFFF) for Particle Analysis in Non-Polar Fluids"
$5000

3. NSF-Idaho EPSCoR (Research Faculty Development Program), 1998; PI: Dale D. Russell
"Electrical Field Flow Fractionation (EFFF) for Particle Analysis in Non-Polar Fluids"
$150,000 2/1/98 - 1/31/01

4. SCP Global Technologies, cooperative reseach contract, 1998. PI : Dale Russell
“Electrochemical methods of corrosion analysis for BEOL processes” $ 9,500

5. SCP Global Technologies, cooperative reseach contract , 1998. PI: Dale Russell
“Electrochemical corrosion analysis for optimization of wafer fabrication processes”
$ 34,500

6. SCP Global Technologies, cooperative reseach contract , 1999. PI: Dale Russell
“Electrochemical corrosion analysis for optimization of wafer fabrication processes”
$ 2,000

7. BSU FRAC, 1999. PI: Dale Russell,
“A selective electrode for organometallic and dissolved atomic species of mercury”
$ 5,000

8. NSF-REU "REU Site for Microelectronics Research at Boise State University;" NSF; 6/1/99-5/30/02 PI: Susan Burkett. John Lusth,; (Dale Russell is a contributor) $198,653;

9. NSF-EPSCoR ILI Instrument award for purchase of Scanning Electron Microscope. 1999
“A scanning electron microscope with nanometer scale patterning, analyzing, and imaging capability,” Siddhartha Duttagupta, Susan Burkett, Stephen Parke, Martin Schimpf, Dale Russell, David Bunnell, Craig White, and Clyde Northrup. $ 293,000

10. NSF-EPSCoR ; S. Duttagupta, W. Barrash, and D. Russell, “Acquisition of sensor fabrication tools and cone penetrometry equipment for advanced subsurface characterization,” Grant, $166,969, 6/1/00.

11. Inland Northwest Research Alliance; Dale D. Russell, Susan Burkett, William Bauer (of INEEL); “A portable, chem-FET sensor array for detection of sub-surface contaminants”; $ 196,306, 10/1/00 -9/30/03

12. U.S. Dept of Energy NN-URI; Dale Russell, Michael Hill, Susan Burkett, Russell Hertzog (of INEEL) ; "Portable Hand-held Electrochemical Sensor for the Transuranics"; Amount:
$ 600,000 ; 10/1/01 - 9/30/04

13. Samsung Electronics; Contract Work, PI Dale Russell, "Electrochemical evaluation of charge transfer, charge generation and electron transfer agents for photoconductor applications."
$ 12,000. 3/01 through 12/01.

14. US Dept. of Defense, DURIP; Michael Hill; Dale Russell, Napoleon Thantu (INEEL) , "Chemical Characterization across a phase boundary"; Requested amount: $ 376,610 Funded for $ 170,000 4/01/02 to 3/31/03

15. EPA: Joe Hartman (BSU EE), Dale Russell, Michael Hill, (BSU Chem) Molly Gribb (BSU C.E.), Amy Moll (BSU Materials Sci.), Herbert Hill (WSU Chem) "Multi-Purpose Sensors to Detect and Analyze Environmental Contaminants"; US Environmental Protection Agency, Amount: $ 980,000 6/01/02 to 5/31/03

16. NSF-MRI; PI: Amy Moll,: co-PIs:William Knowlton, Harold Ackler; contributor Dale Russell,
Surface Analysis Instrumentation, $ 234,380. 8/15/02 - 7/31/04

17. Samsung Information Systems of America, “Electrochemical Analysis of Charge Transport Compounds” PI = Dale Russell, $ 10,782 from 11/11/03 – 12/31/04

18. BSU FRAC grants: “Farmworker Family Assessment: Exposure to Agricultural Chemicals” PI= Sharon Stoffels; co-PI’s: Uwe Reischel, Dale Russell $ 5000 from July 1, 2004-June 30, 2005

19. DOE-NNSA “Transuranic aqueous metal ion sensor systems with wireless communication for discrete monitoring of nuclear materials”; PI = Harold Ackler, SUNY-Binghamton, co-PI’s: SB Park, Susan Ly, Qing Wu, Dale D. Russell, John Manobianio, Mark Adams. $ 450,000. 9/1/04 to 8/31/07

20. NIH (Pass-through from Potentia Pharmaceuticals) “Bypassing fluidics in protomic screening”, Pascal Deschatelets, Potencia Pharmaceuticals; Dale Russell, Kim Byung, BSU; $ 387,750 $ 67,209 subcontracted to BSU / Kim and Russell; 06/01/05 − 5/31/06

21. EPA “Field Portable Electrochemical Sensors for Water soluble arsenic Species”; Warren Barrash; Shawn Benner, Dale Russell; $ 50,000; 2/15/07 to 11/30.07

22. BSU FRAC “Development of Non-Polar Electrical Field Flow Fractionation (Np-EFFF) for Membrane Protein Purification”; Kenneth Cornell, Dale Russell; $ 5000; 07//06 to 06/30/07

Recent Student Support

Students are supported as paid research assistants on all projects in the Russell Research group. Students are also supported for travel to scientific meetings to present the results of their research. These include the Idaho Academy of Sciences, the American Chemical Society, and the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (“PITTCON”). Students are supported for travel on all field work involved in demonstrating and testing the electrochemical sensors.
Select Publications and Presentations (last 10 years only)

Ashwini Vittal Gopinath, Dale Russell, “An inexpensive, field-portable programmable potentiostat”, The Chemical Educator 2006, 11, 1-6

Stoffels, Sharon K., Dale D. Russell, Richard Lammers, “Detecting chemicals on farmworkers’ hands”, Northwest Public Health, Spring/Summer 2006. 18-19.

D. Russell, R. Meyer, N, Jubran, Z. Tokarski, R. Moudrey, K. Law. "Electrochemistry of some novel hole transport materials", J. Electroanalytical Chem.. 567 (2004) 1927.

T.Vamsi Krishna, J. Jessing, D. Russell, J. Scaggs, L. Warner, J. Hartman, “Modeling and design of polythiophene gate electrode chemFET for environmental pollutant sensing”, Proceedings of the 15th Biennial IEEE UGIM, 271. 803-7972-1/03, 2003.

J. Hartman, J. Baker, M. Gribb, J.Jessing, A. Moll, W. Prouty, D. Russell, H. Hill, “A miniaturized Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometer (IMS) sensor for wireless operation” Frontiers in Assessment Methods for the Environment Symposium, Minneapolis, Minnesota (August 2003).

Protsailo, Lesia V, W. Ronald Fawcett, Dale D. Russell, Ryan L. Meyer; "Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of Alkaneselenide-Based Monolayers on the Au (111) Surface", Langmuir, 18, (9342-9349), 2002.

J. Scaggs, D. Russell, M. Hill, S. Duttagupta, " A Mercury Selective Electrode" Materials Science Research Symposium Proceedings, Vol 665, 2001. 101-107.

S. L. Burkett, J. C. Lusth, D. Russell, B. Knowlton, S. Parke, “Undergraduate Research Opportunities in Microelectronics at Boise State University,”IEEE University Government Industry Microelectronics Symp., pp. 78-82, Richmond, VA, July 2001.

Protsailo, Lesia V, Brooksby, Paula A. , W. Ronald Fawcett, Dale D. Russell, "Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of Alkaneselenide-Based Monolayers on the Au (111) Surface", Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society Semi-Annual Conference, Toronto, CN. 2001

J. Scaggs, D. Russell, M. Hill, C. Pentico, S. Duttagupta, "MEMS sensors for detecting Subsurface Contaminants" Proceedings of 15th Biennial University/Government/Industry Microelectronics Symposium, Richmond, VA. June, 2001.

Russell, Dale D., Michael W. Hill, Martin Schimpf; "Characterization of Liquid Electrophotographic Toner Particles Using Non-Polar Electrical Field Flow Fractionation and MALLS ", J. Imaging Science and Technology, vol. 44 (5), 2000. 433-441.

Rosato, J., Olson, C., Lindquist, P., Russell, Dale D., Olson, B.W., Meyer, R.L., Hill, M; “Characterization of Metal Corrosion in BEOL Processes”, Future Fab International, vol. 1, 6(167-176), 1999.

Russell, Dale D.; Potts, J.; Russell, R. M.; Olson, C. R.; Schimpf, M.; " Spectroscopic and Potentiometric Investigation of a Diprotic Acid: An Experimental Approach to Understanding -Functions", Chem. Educator , 4(2): S1430-4171(99) 02288-6. 1999. Avail. URL: http://journals.springer-ny.com/chedr.

Rosato, John J.; Olson, Curtis R.; Russell, Dale D.; Lindquist, Paul G.; Fahrenkrug, Jane; Miller, Stephen L.; "Electrochemical Studies of Corrosion in BEOL Processes", Proc. of the 5th International SCP Symposium on Wafer Cleaning, Boise, ID. April 23, 1998.

Dale D. Russell and Ryan L. Meyer, "Electrochemistry of self-assembled monolayers on copper," J. Idaho Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 1, page 20. April, 1998.

Dale D. Russell and Jonathan Scaggs, "Mercury selective electrode based on coordination with 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane," J. Idaho Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 1, page 21. April, 1998.

Dale D. Russell and Bennett W. Olson, "Electrochemistry of self-assembled monolayers on metal surfaces," J. Idaho Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 1, page 20. April, 1998.

Russell, Dale D.; Olson, C.; Shadle, S.; Schimpf, M.; " Spectroscopic, Chromatographic, and Visual Investigation of Organic Dyes", Chem. Educator , 1997, 1(4): S1430-4171 (97) 01108-4. Avail. URL: http//journals.springer-ny.com/chedr.

Russell, Dale D.; Hargrove, D.; Trent, J.; “Electrokinetic Methods of Toner Particle Analysis”, Proc. of the 13th International Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies. Seattle, WA. Society for Imaging Science and Technology. 1997.

Schimpf, Martin E.; Russell, Dale D.; Lewis, J. Kathleen; "Separation of Charged Latex Particles by Electrical Field Flow Fractionation"; J. Liquid Chromatography. 17(14&15), 3221-3238, 1994.

Patents, Dale Russell, Inventor:

US Pat. 5,026,426 (1991) "Ink compositions having improved waterfastness"
US Pat. 5,108,502 (1992) "Boronic acid dyes "
US Pat. 5,244,562 (1993) "Use of templated polymers for analyte-activated microelectronic switching devices"
US Pat. 5,361,089 (1994) "Method and apparatus for applying an adhesive layer for improved image transfer in electrophotography "
US Pat. 5,393,635 (1995) "Chelating negative charge director for liquid electrophotographic toner"
US Pat. 5,437,953 (1995) "Dye-polymer toners for electrophotography"
US Pat. 5,445,911 (1995) "Chelating positive charge director for electrographic toner"
US Pat. 5,450,189 (1995) "Electrophotographic imaging with toners of opposite sign electrical charge"
US Pat. 5,529,875 (1996) “Cage complexes for negative charge direction in liquid toners”
US Pat. 5,558,968 (1996) “Dendrimeric Toner Particles for Liquid Electrophotography”
US Pat. 5,589,311 (1996) “Cage complexes for positive charge direction in liquid toners”
US Pat. 6,436,259 (2002) "Mercury Selective Electrode"
US Pat 6,692,627 (2004) “Electrical Field Flow fractionation (EFFF) using an electrically insulated flow channel”
2 Patents Pending (as of March, 2007)

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Schimpf, Martin, Ph.D. Analytical Chemistry

Research Interests
Separation Science
My research involves the coupling of field-flow fractionation (FFF) with informative detection schemes, in order to study and characterize complex macromaterials (macromolecules, colloids, and micrometer-sized particles), and their interactions in nature. Current studies include the characterization of copolymer mixtures, the study protein interactions, and the interaction of pollutants with natural colloids in the environment.
I also study the thermophoresis of macromaterials in liquids. In this work, measurements of mass flux in response to a temperature gradient are measured in the laboratory and used to develop a unified model of thermophoresis in liquids. By using physicochemical parameters in the model that can be measured independently, the model can not only be verified, but put into practice.

Selected Publications and Presentations
• Du, Q.; Schimpf, M.E. "Correction for Particle-Wall Interaction in the Separation of Colloids by Flow FFF," Analytical Chemistry , 2002 , 74 , 2478-2485.
• Schimpf, M. E., K.D. Caldwell, J. C. Giddings, Eds., Field-Flow Fractionation Handbook , 2000.
• Schimpf, M. E.; Semenov, S.M. "Latex Particle Thermophoresis in Polar Solvents," J. Physical Chemistry B , 2001 , 105 , 2285-2290.
• Schimpf, M. E.; Semenov, S.N. "Mechanism of Polymer Thermophoresis in Nonaqueous Solvents," J. Physical Chemistry B , 2000 , 104 , 9935-9942.
• Schimpf, M. E., "Field-Flow Fractionation of Polymers," Encyclopedia of Separation Science , 2001, 3906-3915.

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Shadle, Susan, Ph.D. Inorganic Chemistry

For the last few years, my research has focused on the study of the calcium binding protein, calsequestrin (CSQ). Calsequestrin (CSQ) is a lumenal protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), thought to function in both sequestration of Ca2+ and regulation of SR Ca2+ release. CSQ binds Ca2+ with moderate-affinity (Kd ~1 mM) and high-capacity (~20-40 Ca2+/CSQ molecule). CSQ undergoes significant conformational changes and forms aggregates in response to binding calcium. While some studies have investigated the details of these changes, there are several aspects of the prevailing model to be confirmed experimentally. To this end, our work has been aimed at using CD and flouresence spectroscopies to probe CSQ secondary structure and flow Field Flow Fractionation and analytical ultracentrifugation to study CSQ aggregation. In addition, small hydrophobic molecules, such as trifluoperazine (TFP) or anthracyclines, are known to bind to CSQ, but their effects on the structure and function of the protein are less well understood. Thus, we are extending our studies to examine the effect of trifluoroperazine on CSQ structure and aggregation.

I have had an active interest in education research for many years. Several years ago, I conducted a study of the effectiveness of some introductory chemistry labs and gained an appreciation for the difficulty of working with human subjects. In my current position as Director of our campus Center for Teaching and Learning, I am cultivating my interests and expertise in the area of the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL).

Selected Recent Publications

"Sulfur K-edge Spectroscopic Investigation of Second Coordination Sphere Effects in Oxomolybdenum-Thiolates: Relationship to Redox Potentials and Electron Transfer in Sulfite Oxidase"
K. Peariso, M.E. Helton, E.N. Duesler, S.E. Shadle, M.L. Kirk, Inorganic Chemistry, 2007, 46, 1259-67.

“Prevention of chronic anthracycline cardiotoxicity in the adult Fischer 344 rat by dexrazoxane and effects on iron metabolism”
B.J. Cusack, H. Gambliel, B. Musser, N. Hadjokas, S.E. Shadle, H. Charlier, R.D. Olson, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol., 2006, 58, 517-26.

"Reduction of 13-Deoxydoxorubicin and Daunorubicinol Anthraquinones by Human Carbonyl Reductase"
A. Slupe, B. Williams, C. Larson, L.M. Lee, T. Primbs, A.J. Bruesch, C. Bjorklund, D.L. Warner, J. Peloquin, S.E. Shadle, H.A. Gambliel, B.J. Cusack, R.D. Olson, and H.A. Charlier, Jr., Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2005, 5, 365-376.

"Doxorubicin Cardiac Dysfunction: Effects on Calcium Regulatory Proteins, and Triiodothyronine"
R. D. Olson, H. A. Gambliel, R. E. Vestal, S. E. Shadle H. A. Charlier, Jr., B. J. Cusack, Cardiovascular Toxicology ,2005, 5, 269-283.

"Structural model of the amino propeptide of collagen XI alpha1 chain with similarity to the LNS domains"
A. Fallahi, B. Kroll, L.R. Warner, R.J. Oxford, K.M. Irwin, L.M. Mercer, S.E. Shadle, J.T. Oxford, Protein Sci. 2005, 14, 1526-37.

"Investigations of calsequestrin as a target for anthracyclines: structure-function
comparisons of daunorubicin, daunorubicinol, and trifluoperazine"
H. A. Charlier, Jr., R. D. Olson, C. M. Thornock, W. K. Mercer, D. R. Olson, T. S. Broyles, D. J. Muhlestein, C. L. Larson, B. J. Cusack, S. E. Shadle, Mol. Pharm., 2005, 67, 1505-12.

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Warner, Don, Ph.D. Organic Chemsitry

Ariziridinomitosene Synthesis and DNA Binding Properties.
An aziridinomitosene, a compound related to the clinically used anticancer agent mitomycin C, has recently been shown to form DNA interstrand cross-links under non-reductive conditions. The occurrence of the cross-link is significant for two reasons. First, mitomycin C prohibits cell proliferation via the formation of rare interstrand DNA cross-links. Second, aziridinomitosenes were previously thought to be responsible solely for formation of less toxic DNA monoadducts. Several factors may facilitate this previously unobserved cytotoxic event, including the presence of additional electrophilic sites on the quinone ring at C-6 and C-7. Evidence suggests that the C-1 and C-10 electrophilic sites are key to cross-link formation, as is the case with mitomycin C, but the molecular structure of the cross-link is not known. The mechanism of DNA cross-linking by the synthetic aziridinomitosene is hypothesized to involve monoalkylation of DNA at C-1 followed by nucleophilic attack at C-6 or C-7 of the quinone ring, which in turn activates C-10 for a second alkylation of DNA. Our current research efforts aim to identify the molecular structure of the DNA-aziridinomitosene interstrand cross-link, determine the role of the four electrophilic sites, and investigate the physical properties required to induce cross-link formation. Specifically, we are currently preparing relevant mitosene analogs, characterizing mitosenes with respect to physical properties, and are conducting in vitro assessments of DNA alkylation by mitosene derivatives.

Synthetic and Computational Investigations of Electrocyclization and Cycloaddition Reactions of Azomethine Ylides. Electrocyclization and cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and azaallyl anions offer potential for regio- and stereocontrolled formation of azacycles. Thus, these reactive intermediates have been investigated computationally. Specifically, we have studied the properties of conjugated azomethine ylide and azaallyl anion systems that are theoretically capable of undergoing disrotatory electrocyclization due to their six pi electrons. As ring closure is dependent on the geometry of the intermediates, a computational study of conformer energies and interconversion energy barriers has been conducted. Initial studies suggest that intermediates substituted at the four position favor the U-geometry required for electrocyclization. Further calculations indicate that added steric hindrance at this position gives increased bias toward the U conformer while simultaneously lowering the activation energy required for electrocyclization. Related computational studies have examined the structural properties that facilitate spontaneous ring opening of 4-oxazolines to produce stabilized azomethine ylides. Specifically, we are interested in gaining knowledge concerning the 4-oxazoline substitution patterns that allow for ylide formation. This information will then be used to synthesize substrates that fully exploit this useful and mild method for the generation of azomethine ylides.

Recent Grants
1. "Acquisition of a 500-MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer at Boise State University"; National Science Foundation; Funded 03/07; role: Co-PI.

2. "Evaluation of DNA Cross-Linking by Aziridinomitosenes"; National Institutes of Health; 03/2005-02/2008; role: PI.

3. "Investigation of Alkyl Migration from Silicon to Carbon for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Carbon-Carbon Bonds"; Research Corporation; 06/01/2004-05/31/2007; role: PI.

4. "Synthesis of Doxorubicin C14 Benzyl Ethers and Evaluation as CR Substrates and Topoisomerase II Inhibitors"; Mountain States Tumor and Medical Research Institute; 06/15/04-06/14/05; role: PI.

5. "1,5-Dipoles from Nonstabilized Azomethine Ylides: Application to the Synthesis of 2-Pyrrolines"; Petroleum Research Fund; 07/01/2004-09/01/2006; role: PI.

6. "Synthesis and Biological Properties of Aziridinomitosenes", NSF EPSCoR Start-up Augmentation Funding; 08/02-01/03; role: PI.

7."Synthesis and Alkylating Properties of Aziridinomitosene B", Mountain States Tumor and Medical Research Institute; 5/03-4/04; role: PI.

8."Stereoselective Generation of Chiral Silanes Using a 1,2 Migration Sequence", Boise State University Faculty Research Grant; 7/03-6/04; role: PI.

Recent Student Support
1. INBRE Summer Research Fellowships (Amber Hibberd, 2003 and 2004; Chris Liby, 2005; Jamie Montogmery, 2006; Alina Schimpf, 2007)

2. Mountain States Tumor and Medical Research Institute (Byron Knowles, 2003; Andrea Radabaugh, 2004)

3. Department of Chemistry Summer Research Fellowships (Alina Schimpf, 2006; Eric Standley, 2005)

4. Boise State University Pre-Med. Summer Research Fellowships (Anna Block, 2003; Megan Penner, 2006)

Select Publications

Berhe, S. Slupe, A., Luster, C., Charlier, Jr., H.A., Warner, D.L., Leon H. Zalkow, L.H., Burgess, E.M., Enwerem, N.M., Bakare, O. (2010) Synthesis of 3-[(N-carboalkoxy)ethylamino]-indazole-dione derivatives and their biological activities on human liver carbonyl reductase. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 18, 134-141

1. "Reductive Deprotection of N-Trityl Aziridines" Vedejs, E.; Klapars, A.; Warner, D. L.; Weiss, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 7542.

2. "Synthetic Enantiopure Aziridinomitosenes; Preparation, Reactivity, and DNA Alkylation Studies" Vedejs, E.; Naidu, B. N.; Klapars, A.; Warner, D. L.; Li, V-s.; Na, Y.; Kohn, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15796.

3. "Sequence-Specific DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking by an Aziridinomitosene in the Absence of Exogenous Reductant" Rink, S. M.; Warner, D. L.; Klapars, A.; Vedejs, E. Biochemistry 2005, 44, 13981.

4. "Reduction of 13-Deoxydoxorubicin and Daunorubicinol Anthraquinones by Human Carbonyl Reductase" Slupe, A.; Williams, B.; Larson, C.; Lee, L. M.; Primbs, T.; Bruesch, A. J.; Bjorklund, C.; Warner, D. L.; Peloquin, J.; Shadle, S. E.; Gambliel, H. A.; Cusack, B. J.; Olson, R. D.; Charlier, Jr., H.A. Cardiovascular Toxicology 2005, 5, 365.

Select Presentations
1. "Studies Toward the Total Synthesis of Aziridinomitosene B via an Oxazolium Salt-Azomethine Ylide Strategy" Vedejs, E.; Warner, D. L. National Organic Chemistry Symposium; Bozeman, MT; June, 2001.

2. "Synthesis of Aziridinomitosenes via an Oxazolium Salt-Azomethine Ylide Strategy" Vedejs, E.; Warner, D. L. American Chemical Society National Meeting; Chicago, IL; August, 2001.

3. "Silver Triflate-Mediated Oxazolium Salt Formation: Solvent Effects and Application Toward the Synthesis of Aziridinomitosenes" Vedejs, E.; Warner, D. L.; Hibberd, A. H.; Mayes, M. C. National Organic Chemistry Symposium; Bloomington, IN; June, 2003.

4. "Efforts Toward The Total Synthesis Of An Aziridinomitosene: Synthetic Considerations For Aziridine Sensitivity" Amber M. Hibberd, Don L. Warner, Edwin Vedejs; American Chemical Society National Meeting; Philadelphia, PA; August, 2004.

5. "Theoretical and Synthetic Investigations of 2-Pyrrolines via 1,5-dipolar Electrocyclizations" Amber M. Hibberd, Jess L. Burleson, Derrek N. Woodbury and Don L. Warner; Poster presentation at the National Organic Chemistry Symposium; Salt Lake City, UT; June, 2005.

6. "Investigation of DNA Cross-Linking by Aziridinomitosenes" Don L. Warner, Amber M. Hibberd, and Stacia M. Rink; Poster presentation at the National Organic Chemistry Symposium; Salt Lake City, UT; June, 2005.

7. "Synthesis of and Interstrand DNA Cross-Linking by Aziridinomitosenes" Don L. Warner, Stacia M. Rink, Amber M. Hibberd, Byron Knowles, Christopher Liby, Andrea Radabaugh, Jennifer R. Spencer, and Amy C. Ulappa; American Chemical Society National Meeting; Atlanta, GA; March, 2006.

8. "Theoretical and Synthetic Studies of 1,5-Dipolar Electrocyclizations for the Synthesis of 2-Pyrrolines" Amber M. Hibberd, Jess L. Burleson, Derrek N. Woodbury and Don L. Warner; American Chemical Society National Meeting; Atlanta, GA; March, 2006.

9. "Computational and synthetic investigations of dipolar and anionic electrocyclizations for the synthesis of 2-pyrrolines" Hibberd, Amber M.; Woodbury, Derrek N.; Schimpf, Alina M.; Warner, Don L. Abstracts, 61st Northwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Reno, NV, United States, June 25-28 (2006), RE06-216.

10. "Investigation into the formation of an aziridinomitosene-DNA interstrand crosslink under nonreductive conditions" Radabaugh, Andrea S.; Warner, Don L.; Rink, Stacia M.; Montgomery, Jamie; Penner, Megan. Abstracts, 61st Northwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Reno, NV, United States, June 25-28 (2006), RE06-213.

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